EnglishClub

Pre-listening vocabulary

• costume: an outfit that makes a person look like someone or something else
• tradition: something that a culture practises repeatedly
• ghost: the spirit of a dead person
• dominant: in a position of power
• pray: to speak to a god
• secular: not religious

Listening activity

Podcast: Play in new window | Download (Duration: 1:46 — 1.6MB)

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Gapfill exercise

Every year on Halloween, millions of children put on costumes and ask their for candy. This tradition began in Scotland and Ireland. The Celtic peoples who lived there celebrated their new year in the fall. They believed that at the end of the year, ghosts could travel into the land of the living. Dressing like a ghost was a way to yourself from evil. When Catholicism became the dominant in the area, the holiday became All Souls’ Day, a day to pray for the souls of the dead. However, the tradition of dress-up continued. Costumed children would knock on doors and ask for food in exchange for a prayer for dead loved ones. Over time, this practice became secular. Instead of prayers, children offered songs or tricks. Today, trick-or-treating is most common in North America, but it has also to other parts of the world.

Comprehension questions

See answers below

1. The Celtic holiday that led to Halloween was actually a celebration of
   a. an ancient god
   b. the new year
   c. the stars
   
2. On All Souls’ Day, costumed children usually offered people
   a. prayers for dead loved ones
   b. protection from evil
   c. scary stories
   
3. Today, trick-or-treating is most common in
   a. North America
   b. Europe
   c. South America

Discussion/essay questions

1. Do you believe in ghosts? Why or why not?
2. In some cultures, traditions about death are very serious. In others, they are more celebratory. How is death viewed in your culture?

Transcript

Every year on Halloween, millions of children put on costumes and ask their neighbours for candy. This tradition began in ancient Scotland and Ireland. The Celtic peoples who lived there celebrated their new year in the fall. They believed that at the end of the year, ghosts could travel into the land of the living. Dressing like a ghost was a way to protect yourself from evil. When Catholicism became the dominant religion in the area, the holiday became All Souls’ Day, a day to pray for the souls of the dead. However, the tradition of dress-up continued. Costumed children would knock on doors and ask for food in exchange for a prayer for dead loved ones. Over time, this practice became secular. Instead of prayers, children offered songs or “tricks.” Today, trick-or-treating is most common in North America, but it has also spread to other parts of the world.

Answers to comprehension questions

1b 2a 3a

Pre-listening vocabulary

• humanism: a movement during the Renaissance that focused on human happiness and success
• emerge: to develop and become well-known
• philosophy: the study of existence, thought, and reality
• contrast: a noticeable difference between two things
• Middle Ages: the time period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance
• influential: able to affect something in a major way

Listening activity

Podcast: Play in new window | Download (Duration: 1:17 — 1.2MB)

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Gapfill exercise

The Renaissance was a period of change in Europe. The term ‘renaissance’ is a French word, meaning ‘rebirth’. The Renaissance began in Italy in the 14th century, when a movement called humanism became very popular. Humanism emerged after 14th-century Europeans began to ancient Greek philosophy. The main ideas of humanism were that humans deserved to pursue wealth and happiness, and that science, literature, and the arts were essential to human life. This was a contrast to the Middle Ages, when was often considered the most important part of life. Humanism encouraged many people to study and create art. One of the most well-known artists of this period was Italian Leonardo Da Vinci, the creator of the Mona Lisa. Although the Renaissance ended around the 17th century, the and discoveries from back then are still influential in many cultures today.

Comprehension questions

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Discussion/essay questions

1. How has the Renaissance affected art, science, culture, and politics today?
2. What do you think was the most important invention from the Renaissance period?

Transcript

The Renaissance was a period of cultural change in Europe. The term ‘renaissance’ is a French word, meaning ‘rebirth’. The Renaissance began in Italy in the 14th century, when a movement called humanism became very popular. Humanism emerged after 14th-century Europeans began to rediscover ancient Greek philosophy. The main ideas of humanism were that humans deserved to pursue wealth and happiness, and that science, literature, and the arts were essential to human life. This was a contrast to the Middle Ages, when religion was often considered the most important part of life. Humanism encouraged many people to study and create art. One of the most well-known artists of this period was Italian painter Leonardo Da Vinci, the creator of the Mona Lisa. Although the Renaissance ended around the 17th century, the ideas and discoveries from back then are still influential in many cultures today.

Most experts agree that 93% of our communication is non-verbal, with 55% of information being expressed via body language and 38% consisting of vocal signals. Body language, which is made up of gestures, facial expressions, posture, proximity and eye-contact, can convey different communicative meaning across cultures, and issues can arise in cross-cultural communication when people use and interpret body language differently. Therefore, body language plays a key role in how we get the message across. With that in mind, let’s have a look at what you, as a TEFL teacher, might need to consider before communicating in some of the most popular destinations around the world.

European differences

Throughout Europe, the cultural differences in body language are vast. Hand gestures, head movements and use of eye-contact can differ greatly from one country to the next. Here are a few differences to be aware of.

Head movements

The most common way to show agreement in the U.K is by nodding your head up and down. Similarly, shaking your head from side to side indicates that you disagree. However, in other European countries this is not the case. For example, in Greece, tilting the head first to the left and then to the right, whilst slightly closing the eyes, means “Yes.” Tilting the whole head upwards whilst raising the eyebrows means “No.” To confuse matters even further, when a Greek says “Ne”, they actually mean “Yes”. This can get pretty confusing when asking simple questions, such as “Can I please use your toilet?”

Similarly, in Bulgaria and Albania, a head shake means “Yes” while nodding up and down signifies a negative. In Turkey, a backward tilt of the head, accompanied by a tutting sound signifies “No” and simply raising the eyebrows can mean the same thing. In the U.K, we tut when we disapprove or when we are annoyed, so the opportunity for miscommunication here is huge. The first time I asked a simple question to a bus driver in Istanbul, I thought I had insulted him, his family and perhaps even his entire country, when I received a tut and a sharp head tilt in response. It took me a while to get used to this way of communicating, but I got there in the end.

Hand gestures

A thumbs up is a simple gesture to convey positive meaning, indicating encouragement or approval. So, this gesture couldn’t possibly cause offence, right? Wrong. Giving the thumbs up to somebody in Greece, is like giving the middle finger to someone in the U.K or the U.S. Therefore, I highly recommend avoiding the use of this gesture when communicating in Greece.

In Italy, body language is the most important part of making a point, and the average Italian uses 250 gestures per day. Perhaps, unsurprisingly, due to their emotional nature, there are many gestures in use to refer to negative character traits, and some are more offensive than others. In Southern Italy, craziness is indicated by mimicking the grinding of a pepper mill. This gesture implies that the person’s brain is whirring as fast as the mill’s blades. Sticking your arm out in front, with your palm rotated upwards, might look like a friendly gesture, as throughout the world, palm-up cues usually show congeniality and humility. However, in Italy, this is used to ridicule someone’s actions, words or appearance.

The horns gesture, displayed by leaving your index finger, and little finger poking out of a closed fist, is commonly used by heavy metal fans around the world to show their appreciation of their favourite music genre. However, in the Baltics, Italy, Portugal and Spain, this gesture, representing a bull’s horns, is used to say that someone’s wife has been cheating on them. Be very careful metal fans…

Asia

In Asia, making silly mistakes with common gestures could label you as rude and uncultured. Getting into trouble, so far away from home, is best avoided. Here are some social faux pas you do not want to make.

Eye-contact

In Western countries, including the U.K and the U.S, maintaining eye-contact with a person shows them that you are interested in what they are saying. However, in some Asian countries, maintaining eye-contact with someone is impolite, especially if the person you are speaking with is older or has a higher position or status than you. Malaysians tend to have an indirect and polite communication style and when communicating with a Malaysian person for the first time, direct eye-contact should be avoided, as holding their gaze could be seen as impolite. Similarly, in Japan, too much direct eye-contact in social situations can cause discomfort. It is preferable to look briefly in the eyes when greeting someone, and then look away, or down, before looking them in the eyes again. Don’t spend the whole time looking at your shoes though, as that’s just weird. Contrary to the above, during business negotiations or job interviews in Japan, you should try to maintain eye-contact whenever possible. Looking down or avoiding eye-contact can make you look suspicious, as though you have something to hide…

Posture

Being aware of your posture, when attending meetings or dining at a colleague’s house, is important in Asia. For example, in Japan, sitting crossed-legged is considered to be disrespectful and showing the soles of your feet or shoes in India and Thailand is considered to be offensive. Keep your feet firmly on the ground just to be on the safe side.

South America

South America is a popular destination for TEFL teachers, and Argentina in particular, has one of the largest TEFL jobs markets in the region. Here are a few tips to aid communication in this vibrant part of the world.

Proximity

If you’ve ever experienced a conversation with a ‘close talker’, you probably soon realised the importance of having a degree of personal space. In some countries, standing very close is considered to be perfectly ‘normal’. In South America, people tend to require less personal space. Argentinians and Peruvians love to get cosy, and in Argentina people are fond of touching each other when talking. This can seem a little scary to British and American people, who tend to be more conservative, but finding yourself at an intimate distance from Argentines will be hard to avoid. It would be better to just accept the new social distancing norms as you will inevitably find yourself pressed up against an armpit, probably on public transport, at some point during your stay.

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As you can see, there are many things to consider before embarking on your TEFL journey. You should do your research before you go, as you don’t want to end up unintentionally offending someone. Bonne chance.