Let's learn together!

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Fri Sep 04, 2015 2:08 pm

Explanation

he light is first refracted entering the surface of the raindrop, reflected off the back of the drop, and again refracted as it leaves the drop. The overall effect is that the incoming light is reflected back over a wide range of angles, with the most intense light at an angle of 40-42°. The angle is independent of the size of the drop, but does depend on its refractive index. Seawater has a higher refractive index than rain water, so the radius of a "rainbow" in sea spray is smaller than a true rainbow. This is visible to the naked eye by a misalignment of these bows.

The amount by which light is refracted depends upon its wavelength, and hence its color. This effect is called dispersion. Blue light (shorter wavelength) is refracted at a greater angle than red light, but due to the reflection of light rays from the back of the droplet, the blue light emerges from the droplet at a smaller angle to the original incident white light ray than the red light. Due to this angle, blue is seen on the inside of the arc of the primary rainbow, and red on the outside.

The light at the back of the raindrop does not undergo total internal reflection, and some light does emerge from the back. However, light coming out the back of the raindrop does not create a rainbow between the observer and the Sun because spectra emitted from the back of the raindrop do not have a maximum of intensity, as the other visible rainbows do, and thus the colors blend together rather than forming a rainbow.

A rainbow does not actually exist at a particular location in the sky. Its apparent position depends on the observer's location and the position of the Sun. All raindrops refract and reflect the sunlight in the same way, but only the light from some raindrops reaches the observer's eye. This light is what constitutes the rainbow for that observer. The bow is centred on the shadow of the observer's head, or more exactly at the antisolar point (which is below the horizon during the daytime), and forms a circle at an angle of 40-42° to the line between the observer's head and its shadow. As a result, if the Sun is higher than 42°, then the rainbow is below the horizon and usually cannot be seen as there are not usually sufficient raindrops between the horizon (that is: eye height) and the ground, to contribute. Exceptions occur when the observer is high above the ground, for example in an aeroplane (see above), on top of a mountain, or above a waterfall.

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Fri Sep 04, 2015 2:12 pm

Occasionally, a second, dimmer secondary rainbow is seen outside the primary bow. Secondary rainbows are caused by a double reflection of sunlight inside the raindrops, and appear at an angle of 50 degrees - 53 degrees. As a result of the second reflection, the colors of a secondary rainbow are inverted compared to the primary bow, with blue on the outside and red on the inside. The dark area of unlit sky lying between the primary and secondary bows is called Alexander's band, after Alexander of Aphrodisias who first described it.
A third, or triple, rainbow can be seen on rare occasions, and a few observers have reported seeing quadruple rainbows in which a dim outermost arc had a rippling and pulsating appearance. These rainbows would appear on the same side of the sky as the Sun, making them hard to spot.

Contrast-enhanced photograph of a supernumerary rainbow,
with additional green and purple arcs inside the primary bow.

Occasionally, another beautiful and striking rainbow phenomenon can be observed, consisting of several faint rainbows on the inner side of the primary rainbow, and very rarely also outside the secondary rainbow. They are slightly detached and have pastel color bands that do not fit the usual pattern. They are known as supernumerary rainbows, and it is not possible to explain their existence using classical geometric optics.
The alternating faint rainbows are caused by interference between rays of light following slightly different paths with slightly varying lengths within the raindrops. Some rays are in phase, reinforcing each other through constructive interference, creating a bright band; others are out of phase by up to half a wavelength, canceling each other out through destructive interference, and creating a gap. Given the different angles of refraction for rays of different colors, the patterns of interference are slightly different for rays of different colors, so each bright band is differentiated in color, creating a miniature rainbow. Supernumary rainbows are clearest when raindrops are small and of similar size. The very existence of supernumary rainbows was historically a first indication of the wave nature of light, and the first explanation was provided by Thomas Young in 1804.

Primary and secondary rainbows are visible, as well as a
reflected primary and a faintly visible reflection primary.

Other rainbow variants are produced when sunlight reflects off a body of water. Where sunlight reflects off water before reaching the raindrops, it produces a reflection rainbow. These rainbows share the same endpoints as a normal rainbow but encompass a far greater arc when all of it is visible. Both primary and secondary reflection rainbows can be observed.

A reflected rainbow, by contrast, is produced when light that has first been reflected inside raindrops then reflects off a body of water before reaching the observer. A reflected rainbow is not a mirror image of the primary bow, but is displaced from it to a degree dependent on the Sun's altitude. Both types can be seen in the image to the right.

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Fri Sep 04, 2015 2:21 pm

The Persian astronomer Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236-1311), or perhaps his student Kamal al-din al-Farisi (1260-1320), is thought to have first given a fairly accurate explanation for the rainbow phenomenon.

The work of Robert Grosseteste on light was continued by Roger Bacon, who wrote in his Opus Majus of 1268 about experiments with light shining through crystals and water droplets showing the colors of the rainbow.

Theodoric of Freiberg is also known to have given an accurate theoretical explanation of both the primary and secondary rainbows in 1307. He explained the primary rainbow, noting that "when sunlight falls on individual drops of moisture, the rays undergo two refractions (upon ingress and egress) and one reflection (at the back of the drop) before transmission into the eye of the observer" (quoted from David C, Lindberg, Roger Bacon's Theory of the Rainbow: Progress or Regress?, Isis, Vol. 57, no. 2, p. 235). He explained the secondary rainbow through a similar analysis involving two refractions and two reflections.

Rene Descartes' sketch of how primary and secondary rainbows are formed

Descartes, in 1637, further advanced this explanation. Knowing that the size of raindrops didn't appear to affect the observed rainbow, he experimented with passing rays of light through a large glass sphere filled with water. By measuring the angles that the rays emerged, he concluded that the primary bow was caused by a single internal reflection inside the raindrop and that a secondary bow could be caused by two internal reflections. He was able to back this up with a derivation of the law of refraction (subsequently, but independently of, Snell) and correctly calculated the angles for both bows. His explanation of the colors, however, was based on a mechanical version of the traditional theory that colors were produced by a modification of white light.

Isaac Newton was the first to demonstrate that white light was composed of the light of all the colors of the rainbow, which a glass prism could separate into the full spectrum of colors, rejecting the theory that the colors were produced by a modification of white light. He also showed that red light gets refracted less than blue light, which led to the first scientific explanation of the major features of the rainbow. Newton's corpuscular theory of light was unable to explain supernumary rainbows, and a satisfactory explanation was not found until Thomas Young realized that light behaves as a wave under certain conditions, and can interfere with itself.

Young's work was refined in the 1820s by George Biddell Airy, who explained the dependence of the strength of the colors of the rainbow on the size of the water droplets. Modern physical descriptions of the rainbow are based on Mie scattering, work published by Gustav Mie in 1908. Advances in computational methods and optical theory continue to lead to a fuller understanding of rainbows. For example, Nussenzveig provides a modern overview.

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Fri Sep 04, 2015 2:23 pm

Rainbows in the News ...
Metamaterial prism creates a reverse rainbow PhysOrg - January 9, 2015
In a normal rainbow, red is always on "top" while violet is on the "bottom." This is true whether the rainbow is created by a glass prism or by water droplets in the sky, and is due to the way that these materials refract light of different wavelengths: colors with longer wavelengths (red) are less refracted/bent than colors with shorter wavelengths (violet). Now in a new study, scientists have designed a prism that does the opposite: it refracts longer wavelengths more strongly than shorter wavelengths. The result is a reverse rainbow.
In a "Rainbow" Universe Time May Have No Beginning Scientific American - December 9, 2013

What if the universe had no beginning, and time stretched back infinitely without a big bang to start things off? That's one possible consequence of an idea called "rainbow gravity," so-named because it posits that gravity's effects on space-time are felt differently by different wavelengths of light, aka different colors in the rainbow. Rainbow gravity was first proposed 10 years ago as a possible step toward repairing the rifts between the theories of general relativity (covering the very big) and quantum mechanics (concerning the realm of the very small). The idea is not a complete theory for describing quantum effects on gravity, and is not widely accepted. Nevertheless, physicists have now applied the concept to the question of how the universe began, and found that if rainbow gravity is correct, space-time may have a drastically different origin story than the widely accepted picture of the big bang. According to Einstein's general relativity, massive objects warp space-time so that anything traveling through it, including light, takes a curving path.

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Fri Sep 04, 2015 2:25 pm

Scientists Stop Light in 'Trapped Rainbow' Live Science - November 15, 2007

Scientists have worked out how to bring beams of light to a screeching halt inside a material that would separate the light into its constituent colors, creating a rainbow - a trapped rainbow. To bring light to a stop from its usual approximately 670 million mph (1.08 billion km/h) pace is no easy feat, and scientists have been working on the problem for years in hopes of revolutionizing how information is stored and sent. To tackle the challenge, physicist Ortwin Hess of the University of Surrey and his colleagues have devised a theoretical means to stop light using what are known as metamaterials, or materials whose properties depend on their structure and not the composition of the material.

The property of these materials that makes them ideal for stopping light is their "negative refractive index." The refractive index of a medium is a measure of how much light slows down and reorients or bends as it passes through the medium. Most materials, such as glass and water, have a positive refractive index - light keeps moving in basically the same direction. The negative refractive index of metamaterials (created by arranging tiny metallic inclusions in a transparent material) causes the light to bend somewhat back on itself and in such a way that "it gets slower and slower and eventually stops," Hess explained. (These same materials have been used to create an "invisibility cloak.")

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Fri Sep 04, 2015 2:37 pm

hamouza wrote:Hi I'm Hamza these is the best thing i have ever read ... y really form a great example of how friendship should be ... very fond of this group and this thread and i hope i can join you and i would like to share with y this topic and i hope that every one will participate and give us his thought :
Notice : sorry if i made a lot of mistake and this is the reason for which I'm here ...
NOT EVERYTHING THAT IS LEARNED CONTAINED IN BOOKS .

looking forward to hear from y soon ... :)

Hi Hamuza,
Welcome, You seem to be from South Korea, I am here to learn English ,and it is my pleasure to correspond with you in English , my favorite is watching Korean movies ,in one of Korean movies , Hamuza was the father of Joumong , did you watch it? I hope to know more about you.

Have a good weekend
Mohsen

hamouza · Post by **hamouza** » Fri Sep 04, 2015 3:56 pm

Dear Behnam,

I was really amazed by yr thought, y seems to be well educated :)
i read Animal Farm too and it is an interesting novel. I totaly agree with y cause the west is acting exactly like the pig which called Napoleon, when he bertayed the principle and break the four commandment.

Bush once said, and it was the first time he said sth right he said " fool me once shame on you, fool me twice shame on me ." And he was in fact right we have to blame our self -i mean those who live in the middle east- since we are being folled over and over again. Don't you think ?

looking forward to hear from you
peace

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Sat Sep 05, 2015 7:39 pm

UAE King and Saudi king ,which are two sponsors of ISIS, are killing the patriot people of Yaman , and also their own soldiers are being killed in this war , how USA deceived these two kings to kill Muslims and give their money to USA to buy weapons , Really Israel and USA enjoy having these foolish kings in their hand
In west the Yamani patriot people are called rebels , and Saudi coalition who invaded to Yaman are called anti terrorists …they consider the world people a bunch of foolish ., they think by using these names they can fool the world.
It was a difficult day for BBC to announce how 45 soldiers of UAE went to hell , BBC tried to change the fact and said that it was an explosion inside the weapons store which kill UAE soldier , not Missile of Yaman

behnam · Post by **behnam** » Sun Sep 06, 2015 1:59 am

hi friends,

I am in railstaition now. I have missed you. I have a lot of difficulties using this mobile phone with these thick fingers. It is 5:30am now. At 11:00 I am having verbal exam(interview). Please wish me luck. I am putting this to let you know that I have missed you and you are all in my thoughts.

All the best,
Behnam, 6 September, 2015

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Sun Sep 06, 2015 6:59 pm

Hi Behnam,
I wish you a successful exam, please be at ease , we keep the tavern until you come back

I read the news of Syrian migrants to Europe and it came to my mind that 2000.000 Afghans migrants are living in Iran since many years ago , thousands of migrants from Iraq and Syria came to Iran,but today 10000 migrants came in Austria and Germany , These two countries and west media trumpeting it in a way that people of Mars heard it

Also I read in News that president Obama gave his condolence for death of 45 soldier of Emirate and called them martyrs
The meaning of Martyr for Obama is a person who invade to other country, kill many innocent people and children.
Poor Emirate soldiers who lost their life for their king’ game ,a king who play for USA.

Good Luck
Mohsen

behnam · Post by **behnam** » Thu Sep 10, 2015 10:00 am

Hi hamouza,

Welcome! Thank you for putting comment in this thread. You are right. People in the Middles East are naive. They are easily fooled by others. They are fooled repeatedly. You are absolutely right. Why are we like that? I don't know. How you got any suggestions?

All the ebst,
Behnam, 10 September, 2015

behnam · Post by **behnam** » Thu Sep 10, 2015 10:09 am

Hi Mohsen,

How are you? I hope you are fine. Thank you very much for your posts about rainbow. They are really interesting. They are answering to my questions completely. I hope the readers will get some general knowledge of rainbow by reading those posts.

I am busy with studying for my Final Qualifying Exam. I cannot concentrate on anything else. Therefore, I will be less active for one month. I promise to compensate after the exam. I will write about rainbow in more details after the exam.

All the best,
Behnam, 10 September, 2015

ritzkevin · Post by **ritzkevin** » Fri Sep 11, 2015 3:34 pm

I'm an English tutor teaching English online through Skype. I am new here too. I look forward to get to know different kinds of people here.

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Fri Sep 11, 2015 6:53 pm

ritzkevin wrote:I'm an English tutor teaching English online through Skype. I am new here too. I look forward to get to know different kinds of people here.

Hello Mr. Kevin,

It is my pleasure to have you here , I need to an English teacher .I have a question about your sentence , you wrote
I look forward to get to know different kinds of people here
I look forward to getting to know different kinds of people here

Can we use both of them?

Thanks

ritzkevin · Post by **ritzkevin** » Sat Sep 12, 2015 1:03 am

My bad, Mohsen. I have typed the incorrect word. "Getting to know" is correct. Thanks!

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Sat Sep 12, 2015 5:56 am

Thank you Kevin,

I was reading a sentence ,I didn't get the meaning

" ZEDEX(ZX) can solve the problem such as node components mechanical sliding friction and wear"

would you please explain the sentence in detail ?

I didn't get the meaning of node components

B.Wishes

LeeWooseok · Post by **LeeWooseok** » Sat Sep 12, 2015 6:32 am

Hello, My name is Lee, Wooseok. I am from Republic of Korea, and I am a student of Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Through my professor of class, Intercultural Communication, I would be able to know about this site.

Literally, I am majoring in English Interpretation and Translation at the University, but I have had some difficulties to use English in communicating with foreigners. Exchanging opinions is my assignment of my class in this semester. Except that I have to do my best to get a good grade, thinking that participating in the conversation of this site will be good opportunity for my English ability, and most of all, I am eagerly anticipating to beet good people with this site.

Thank you for reading my message, and please check my writing or mistakes in grammar or opinions if there are some error.

This time, the weather of Korea is sunny and very peaceful. Now, we are preparing for fall.
Then, see you again. Have a nice day.

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Sun Sep 13, 2015 8:06 am

Hi Lee ,
Welcome to this forum, I am interested in learning English , I read your post and I saw no mistake in your writing , your writing skill is good , where is Hankuk university , Is it in Seoul? Are you living in dormitory ? How much do you pay to university for each semester? How many lesson s do you choose for each semester? And finally do you have foreign student in your class?
Maybe your answers motivate me to come to Hankuk for study of my major which is Business and economic.

Thank you,
Mohsen

LeeWooseok · Post by **LeeWooseok** » Sun Sep 13, 2015 3:00 pm

HI Mohsen.
Thank you for replying my writing. My university, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, is located in Seoul, Republic of Korea. I know that Mr. President Obama has visited and had commencement at this university in 2012. I am living at just my own house with one room mate around the university.

I usually pay about 4,000$ for each semester, and its tuition may be normal among the universities in Korea. At this fall semester, lessens that I am taking are 9, including a class, Introduction to International Law, concerned with my minor, International Economics and Law.

In my university, I can see some foreigners, and actually have taken a class that foreign professor lectures. Yet, having relationship or being friend with foreign students is somewhat difficult because opportunity is less.

Through your questions, I could know more about me. It is ironic. In fact, I have no sense to me, but getting new sight for me was possible. thinking about my class, my university, my major is very interesting! Above all, communicating with you through this site is also very interesting and amazing to me.

Thank you for all
Lee, Wooseok

Behnaz · Post by **Behnaz** » Sun Sep 13, 2015 7:06 pm

Hi every one
This is behnaz
Im a newcomer here
Tonight when i was web surfing i found this forum by chance
And really became so happy to see some of my friends run this room for near 3years

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Sun Sep 13, 2015 7:13 pm

Through your questions, I could know more about me. It is ironic. In fact, I have no sense to me, but getting new sight for me was possible. thinking about my class, my university, my major is very interesting! Above all, communicating with you through this site is also very interesting and amazing to me.

Hi Lee Wooseok,

Hope you had a great weekend ,thank you for your post , sorry if my questions caused you to think more about your university , I didn’t get a part of your writing , what do you mean by writing “I have no sense to me”

In Iran, the educational year starts at the first day of autumn (The next 5 days), nowadays all of students are getting ready for going to school and university. The market is booming, students buy new dress, shoes, and stationery. Some of university students are very sad, because they should say good bye to their parents and go to the dormitory in another city ( I saw one of them who was crying ) . What is your feeling when the new semester is begin?

The universities in Iran is free of charge, but non-governmental universities are chargeable, I never heard the students pay 4000 $ for a semester. here Non-technical students pay 300 $ for a semester

Have a good day
Mohsen

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Tue Sep 15, 2015 5:49 am

Hi Behnaz,

Welcome to this thread , God has granted you a good fate , as it is not easy to find such a place by surfing , so grab your chance and enjoy it.

I have sent many posts here ,all of them are in virtual world , so I still feel that I am a new comer , but it is not difficult to understand the all of people in this place are reliable and friendly.

What is you status for starting the new educational year , What is your feeling?

All the best
Mohsen

LeeWooseok · Post by **LeeWooseok** » Tue Sep 15, 2015 9:17 am

Hi Mohsen,

First of all, about your question, I would like to express that "I have had no idea to me literally and have not perceived myself sincerely, but I could appreciate and look back with talking with you through this site".

To get my studying, I am also in a distance from my hometown. It is so sad that I cannot meet my hometown friends.

What I surprised is that there is no tuition fee for university in Iran. I am very envious of the policy. In my thought, in Korea, many parents of university students will be thinking of the tuition as a burden.

Several days ago, I read an article about Iranian Movie, Children of Heaven. In the article, It is very interesting that almost Iranian movies are about the stories of children. Is it true? I think that there will be some errors.

Nowadays, fall is all around us. there is a Korean proverb to call fall, "the season of high sky and plump horses". At the evening, if I see the sky, it is possible to see a grand landscape of clouds and sunset.

Then, see you again.
Have a nice day
Lee, Wooseok

behnam · Post by **behnam** » Tue Sep 15, 2015 4:40 pm

Hi Kevin, Lee, and Behnaz,

You are warmly welcomed! Thank you very much for putting post in this thread. I am busy with making myself ready for an important exam. It is the most important exam in my life. I will be standing in front of some famous professors and they will ask me several questions about different areas in Physics and Photonics. After the exam, I'll join you.

Dear Behnaz, your name is my only sister's name. You cannot imagine how surprised I was when I saw your post. Thank you very much for joining us.

All the best,
Behnam, 15 September, 2015

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Tue Sep 15, 2015 7:02 pm

LeeWooseok wrote:Hi Mohsen,

First of all, about your question, I would like to express that "I have had no idea to me literally and have not perceived myself sincerely, but I could appreciate and look back with talking with you through this site".

To get my studying, I am also in a distance from my hometown. It is so sad that I cannot meet my hometown friends.

What I surprised is that there is no tuition fee for university in Iran. I am very envious of the policy. In my thought, in Korea, many parents of university students will be thinking of the tuition as a burden.

Several days ago, I read an article about Iranian Movie, Children of Heaven. In the article, It is very interesting that almost Iranian movies are about the stories of children. Is it true? I think that there will be some errors.

Nowadays, fall is all around us. there is a Korean proverb to call fall, "the season of high sky and plump horses". At the evening, if I see the sky, it is possible to see a grand landscape of clouds and sunset.

Then, see you again.
Have a nice day
Lee, Wooseok

Hi Lee,

I guess that you like the season of fall , am I right?

I have a question about the name in Korea , Is the Lee your first name ,and Wooseok is your family name , Do you write family name at first ?

I didn’t watched the movie of Children of Heaven ,Today I read about it , it is about how a poor family are living and how a rich family are living and many other things . It is not true that all of Iranian movies are about children , we have many kind of movies , the most famous movie which is on the screen now is Mohammad the God messenger ,This movie is about a part time our prophet ‘ life and director of this movie is majid Majidi , the man who made Children of heaven
I want to go cinema to watch this movie ,but this movie have the best selling in Iran and I should book the tickets by internet.

About the fall , I like it but not as much as spring , we have a proverb which say : They count their chicken at the end of fall” do you have the proverb in Korea?

Enjoy your Wednesday
Mohsen

ritzkevin · Post by **ritzkevin** » Tue Sep 15, 2015 7:43 pm

Break a leg on your exam, Behnam!

ritzkevin · Post by **ritzkevin** » Tue Sep 15, 2015 7:45 pm

I'm also surprised that there's no tuition in Iranian universities. Good for you. It's interesting to know different people with different cultures and different privileges.

Hurieh · Post by **Hurieh** » Thu Sep 17, 2015 5:00 am

Hi dear friends,

No need to take a look at my calendar and count the number of days I’ve been away from this nice place, I just listened to my heart which was whispering in my ears that I’ve missed writing to each friend of mine on this forum so much. The calendar, itself, shows a few days from my last post here, but my heart claims that it sounds like a couple of weeks or even months from the last time I wrote here.
I was quite busy these days in order to say goodbye to my summer vacations and get ready for the coming month. That’s why I couldn’t reply your previous posts any sooner. Just now, I obeyed my heart, and sat at my computer to reply you and your nice posts wholeheartedly. You can read them in next posts.

Regards,
Hurieh
Sep 17th/ 2015

Hurieh · Post by **Hurieh** » Thu Sep 17, 2015 5:07 am

Dear Mortaza,

How are you doing? I hope everything is quite well with you.

I have to confess that you are not the first person who fairly says that I use sophisticated vocabularies when I write. I hope it doesn’t bother you and other friends to refer to a dictionary to get what I’ve written.

You know, my main goal for practicing writing in English is to be a scientific writer in my field of study. Being a university professor, you are probably familiar with the academic style of writing. A scientific writer should consider his/her audiences who are experts in the field of study not ordinary people. Using some simple and informal words and phrases is considered awkward when it comes to writing scientific articles and papers. A scientific writer should use formal and sophisticated words in his/her text but in a way that conveys the message properly. That’s why I can’t change my style of writing. Thus, I try to keep the balance and write as simple as possible in this place.

Besides following formal style of writing, however, a noble writer should be aware of the fact that the text should be understandable too. I hope you and other readers can get what I mean in my posts which appear to be mind-boggling.

A few months ago, I started writing my first manuscript in English singlehandedly, and sent it to two experts to read it over and give their idea. They suggested me to submit it to an ISI based journal. I submitted my article about three weeks ago on August 27th. Now, I’m waiting to see what will be the result of my attempts. Whether I can successfully publish my article or not, I’m content with my attempts and all I’ve learned during writing my first article independently.

By the way, thanks for your valuable tips about swimming. I’ll keep in mind your tips until I consider taking the plunge. Never hesitate to share any tip you have in any context please. This is a platform for learning and I’m an all-time learner.

Regards,
Hurieh
Sep 17th/ 2015

Hurieh · Post by **Hurieh** » Thu Sep 17, 2015 5:14 am

Dear Mohsen,

Hi…Greeting.

Reading your posts, I always say:” Mohsen must be a great chef!”
But why?

Suppose this forum is a kitchen and we are the cooks and chefs who make some food for minds. Everybody has his/her own recipe. So, everyone’s dish has particular taste, fragrance, and color. I don’t know the secret behind this, but your menu is always much spicier. Hahahaaa… You flavor your posts with many edible things which make our saliva run …Have you noticed that yourself?

Well… I do agree with you. Mind and body work as one. So, we should watch what we send to this poor belly in order to be healthy both physically and mentally.

It’s allegedly said by our holy prophet Mohammad (PBUH) that:

«المِعدَة بيت کلِّ داءٍ، وَ الحَمِئَة رَاس کلِّ دَواءٍ»

Stomach is the center of every pain and avoidance is the top of each treatment.

This Hadith is enough to get to know the crucial role and impact of the stomach and what we ingest on our body, mind, and even soul. Yes… the foods we eat affect not only our body and mind, but also our souls. It’s said that eating excessively darkens our soul. People tend to be more arrogant and oblivious towards Allah when their stomach is full. In contrary, fasting makes us pure somehow.

Anyway, the photo of that center-filled packaged chocolate in your previous post that you had brought from holy city of Mashhad as a souvenir reminded me of a nice caricature. I’ll share the caricature with you right below. Hope you’ll like it. (Winking naughtily!)

By the way, the city of Yazd and it’s souvenirs will welcome you with open arms if you choose it as a destination for your next trips. Meanwhile, the true spell of that sweet souvenir is “ Baghlava” not “Baghlaba”.

Regards,
Hurieh
Sep 17th/ 2015

Hurieh · Post by **Hurieh** » Thu Sep 17, 2015 5:25 am

Dear Setareh,

Thank you very much for sharing your valuable idea. You probably know how much I like reading psychological books and talking about them. So, lets have a short journey to the amazing world of psychology with each other. Let’s go…(No need to pack your backpack dear… just let me hold your hand and hit the road… Hehehee)

You know, our mind is one of the most complicated things human’s ever seen, which is still mysterious somehow. We can govern the world if we truly believe how powerful our mind can be.

زندگی فرصت پرواز بلند است، ولی / قصه اینست که چه اندازه کبوتر باشیم

Our mind is compared to the iceberg. What does it mean?
The iceberg which is metaphorically used for our mind divides into two main parts, the small part which is obvious above the water line, and a large mass which is under the water and we can’t see. The conscious part of our mind is responsible for 10% of the functions of the mind, while this number is 90% for our unconscious mind. The percentages which were attributed to these two parts by Sigmond Freud for the first time may differ a bit according to different experts. But the thing that is so important and all agree is that our unconscious mind plays an important role in our lives.

Our conscious mind is responsible for activities that we are aware of them like logical thinking, making decisions, etcetera; while our emotions, feelings, values, beliefs, habits, and whatnot are classified in unconscious category. Now, you can realize how powerful the unconscious mind can be in order to affect our feelings and emotions; and subsequently to change our perspectives about the world around us. Let me clarify it more with this example…
Suppose you are a beginner, and attend in an English class for the first time. You have no idea about learning English yet. In the first session, a teacher comes and teaches English in a funny way that you really like it. Therefore, you keep in mind that English lesson is fun. This experience and many other experiences like this bury in unconscious mind and act like default settings in your mind. It’s interesting to know how significant the environment around us and the people who have surrounded us can be. These are not some new points. We know somehow how these items affect our feelings, emotions, thoughts; and subsequently, our characteristics traits, behavior, personality, and so on; however, we kind of underestimate them.

Dear Setareh, I can sit and write about this topic for several hours; but it may seem boring if I talk about it more. The only thing that remains is that we can change our world if we learn how to reach to our unconscious mind, how to work with it, and how to train and raise it like a small kid. One of the recommended ways to get the harness of our unconscious mind at hand is meditation techniques. I’ve read some texts about relaxation techniques, meditation, and yoga; but feel like taking up some classes to learn them practically by experts too. Many pros and positive tips are attributed to these relaxation activities. We even have these classes for patients with some serious and life-threatening disease like cancer, and you can’t believe how effective these classes can be in order to make a big change in their lives. You may find the link below a useful page for learning more about meditation techniques.

http://www.wikihow.com/Meditate

All in all, it’s all in our mind.

Thanks for your friendly companionship. Stay happy and fine forever!

Regards,
Hurieh
Sep 17th/ 2015

Hurieh · Post by **Hurieh** » Thu Sep 17, 2015 5:35 am

Dear Behnam,

How are you? How’s your studying going? I hope you are doing pretty well.

Although the calendar shows that we are having the beautiful season of fall with it’s pleasing weather very soon, but I personally felt the smell of it a few days before through the change of weather in this city…Yes…Fall is coming in a blink of an eye somehow, and about everyone here knows that fall is your favorite season.

I was thinking that life would be quite dull and boring if we didn’t have different seasons. Each season has it’s own specific qualities, and everyone has different feelings towards them.

For me, fall is the season of dynamism, mobility, and work. It acts like a bell of consciousness which rings in my ears and reminds me of my works upon the arrival of fall. It also reminds me of those dried leaves which fall from the bored body of trees with the bully power of the wind. The colorful leaves of trees in fall make me feel that the nature has taken off her former green clothe and is showing off in her new colorful one. And what I like most about this season is rainy days…rain…rain…rain… You can’t imagine how much I like rainy days. I feel I’m born once again in a rainy day. I can’t wait to see it at the window. So, I usually go out in rainy days, take a walk in a beautiful street or park, and don’t care even if it makes me wet. The fresh smell of the wet soil is stunning. I don’t know why, but I see the world differently and beautifully when it rains... Oh… I can no longer wait for it.

One more thing about fall. Some people claim that they fall in love in fall… They believe fall is the season of lovers. I don’t know the philosophy behind this idea. I guess it may have something to do with it’s gloomy days. Anyway, fall is a beautiful season. Hope you find this fall a breakthrough, especially in your coming exam.

Regards,
Hurieh
Sep 17th/ 2015

Shahzad · Post by **Shahzad** » Sat Sep 19, 2015 2:06 am

Dear
You are a wounderful guy. Best of wishes for your exam

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Sat Sep 19, 2015 6:17 am

Hi Hurieh,

I hope you have continuous rainy day , and enjoy your life

I was called captain by some of friends for a time and now I am entitled to be the chef, yes , in fact I have received the certificate of ISO22000 from my wife for our kitchen and foods , she always praise , the taste of foods , and make me to continue the cooking, the standard of woman says that how put the melon under the man’s arm,( this is an Iranian proverb , when they deceive someone by unreal (feigned) praising to persuade him to continue the job) and the man pretend that he don’t understand her plan , because he want to make the life more sweeter

About Baghlaba your are right , it is officially written Baghlava , but in Esfahan it is called Baghlaba , any way it is not important it is baghlabas or baghlavas , Is it important? A man from Yazd said to me it is Baghe-leva

I wish I could kiss our prophet’s hand who his words is speech of God, yes we should be careful about what we feed to our gut and mind .

Some people say that "Hungry does not believe." The proverb that we all heard and know that more and less this truth fits in our society , this is a fact ,of course, when you are hungry ,your mind will be involved in trying to meet their needs and doesn’t time and patience to be thinking on knowledge and fact.
Therefore, we have two kinds of hunger:
Forcible: the poverty and the lack of anything that could eliminate hunger arises. This kind of hungry prevents one to be perfect.
Optional:which arose from the will and choice of religion, and cultivate and nurture the human soul to be mastered of it.

For the first one we should pray that God save all of the hunger in the world and for the second one we should try to reach to this position

All the best,
Mohsen

behnam · Post by **behnam** » Sun Sep 20, 2015 5:10 am

Hi Hurieh,

So many thanks for putting wonderful posts in the thread; all of a sudden you know, what you did was like spring rains; filled every dry point with water! Thank you very much. What a description! Every dry point! Where exactly?

I am happy it is raining in Yazd. You like rainy days, but I wonder why you live in a city with little rain! Why don't you move to Azerbaijan, or somewhere like there to enjoy more rainy days?

My favourite season is autumn. I really really really love it. I love the Sun, the weather, the sky, the trees, the various colours, the scenery, the dry noise making leaves on the ground, the lakes, the springs, the birds, the mountains, etc. All look fascinating to me. I don't know why, but I am in love with autumns. The Sun is kind in falls. The shades and shadows are nice. I just like the angle the Sun rises from. I love its path on the Sky in falls. I love its rains and coolness. I LOVE AUTUMNS VERY MUCH!

I love walking on a very long and tree-lined road. A road with high trees on both sides. I used to smoke while doing it in the past. It was something amazing. I like it when the weather is foggy, but not too much, and it is raining, but not heavily, and the birds are chirping, the leaves are coming down from the tress, dancing in the air and making noises under my feet. Nobody is there to digress me, to break my concentration from nature.

Sometimes, a playful girlfriend could make it more romantic. She used to say: Behnam, where are you taking me? Oh, what would you do if a bear suddenly appears in front of us? let's come back Behnam!... She used to feel cold: Behnam, I am shaking. I gave her my suit! You should know I am always wearing suit, even in the middle of summers? why? I don't like to put my as. on display!

I am telling you the truth. I took off my suit and gave her to my girlfriend. Then I gathered some wood. Yes, I knew how and where to gather wood for fire. I am perfect at it. I made a fire. OH my God! How nice it was! We sat around it, she took a long stick among woods and played with fire, touching it on the ground around the fire, sometimes saying...oh atish gereft(Oh it got fire)! Good old days! I don't know I cry or laugh right now!

All the best,
Behnam, 20 September, 2015

JasleenKaur · Post by **JasleenKaur** » Mon Sep 21, 2015 9:00 am

Dear Behnam,

I am feeling so glad to found you in this thread. it is really interesting to learn from the teacher who is well familiar with English and Physics.

Thank you,
Have a Wonderful Weekend!

LeeWooseok · Post by **LeeWooseok** » Mon Sep 21, 2015 11:33 am

Hi Lee,

I guess that you like the season of fall , am I right?

I have a question about the name in Korea , Is the Lee your first name ,and Wooseok is your family name , Do you write family name at first ?

I didn’t watched the movie of Children of Heaven ,Today I read about it , it is about how a poor family are living and how a rich family are living and many other things . It is not true that all of Iranian movies are about children , we have many kind of movies , the most famous movie which is on the screen now is Mohammad the God messenger ,This movie is about a part time our prophet ‘ life and director of this movie is majid Majidi , the man who made Children of heaven
I want to go cinema to watch this movie ,but this movie have the best selling in Iran and I should book the tickets by internet.

About the fall , I like it but not as much as spring , we have a proverb which say : They count their chicken at the end of fall” do you have the proverb in Korea?

Enjoy your Wednesday
Mohsen[/quote]

Hi, Mohsen

How are you? I am sorry for replying lately.
As you said, I like the season of fall absolutely! It is not so hot and not so cold. the season of fall is adequate to meet someone or have outdoor activities. I think that we all can take special our time. That is because I like the season.

My name is Lee, Wooseok, so my family name is "Lee", and my first name is "Wooseok". I have learned about writing name like "Lee, Wooseok" or "Wooseok Lee".

About the proverb in Iran, "They count their chicken at the end of fall", I cannot recall the proper expression which can be matched with Korean proverb. Is the proverb concerned with richness of the season of fall? Several days later, Korea will have Chuseok, Korean Thanksgiving Day. I will back to my hometown and meet my friends.

With my relatives, I will talk about the past days of each other.
What about Iran? Are there any national holidays? Please let me know if there are.

Thank you Mohsen.
I think that now Iran will be a daytime.
Have a good day.
Lee, Wooseok.

behnam · Post by **behnam** » Mon Sep 21, 2015 6:20 pm

Hi Shahzad,

Welcome to this thread, and thank you very much for putting comment. It would be very kind of you if you join us in practicing English. Please actively participate in keeping the thread a nice place, active and effective. I am looking forward to hearing from you.

All the best,
Behnam, 21 September, 2015

LOVELIFE · Post by **LOVELIFE** » Wed Sep 23, 2015 3:55 am

I'm a new member just registered today.
Not sure if this is the right place to introduce myself?
Anyway...i will just do a very brief and quick introduction of myself.
Hello everyone, i'm from Singapore. Am really excited to joined you guys as a member to learn together and improve my English. As you all might know, In Singapore we mostly speak Singlish ( Singapore English)..which means we will have alot of "lah" "leh" "siao" "haiz"...and so much more...this kind of words are often used to closed a conversation.
I strongly believed that this forum will improve my English Level.
weak: in grammar and in English generally.

Need helps: for a newbie like me, where should i get started with? Much appreciate if you guys can let me know where to begin with....that would be awesome!

LOVELIFE · Post by **LOVELIFE** » Wed Sep 23, 2015 4:00 am

Can somebody come out with a topic probably called " how to improve your ENGLISH"? "READ / WRITE / SPEAKING?

thank you !

behnam · Post by **behnam** » Wed Sep 23, 2015 1:27 pm

Hi JasleenKaur,

Welcome! Thank you for joining us and putting comment in this thread. Thank you once again for saying positive things about me. That's very kind of you.

Would you please write more about yourself? I am waiting for your reply.

All the best,
Behnam, 23 September, 2015

behnam · Post by **behnam** » Wed Sep 23, 2015 2:19 pm

Hi LOVELIFE,

That's very good to have a person as a member of this forum who uses English in his/her everyday life. Thank you so much for joining us. Welcome to this thread.

I am English learner. I am here to practice English. Actually, my main goal of getting online and using the Internet is improving my English skills. On skype for instance, I often chat with my friends in English. I speak English with them. This is a good way to practice speaking. In some countries, many tourists from different nations can be met. The majority of them can speak English. I think tourists create opportunities for English learners to practice speaking English. Making conversations with them gives the English learners confidence in using their English. For practicing writing, I guess you know that reading articles and books help us write well. The more we read, the better we write.

My friends often ask me about the best and easiest method for learning English. I usually say: There is no the easiest and best method for learning a new language. Every person should choose a proper method for themselves. I personally think learning a new language is a time-consuming process. It is a matter of hard-working and constant effort-taking. In other words, it takes constant effort to become fluent in a language. It takes a lot of practice to learn a new language well.

I believe, every individual knows which method is effective and working for him/her! In fact, a learner should evaluate the effectiveness of a method by seeing the improvement they make in speaking and writing.
I am looking forward to hearing from you more.

All the best,
Behnam, 23 September, 2015

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Thu Sep 24, 2015 8:15 am

Hurieh · Post by **Hurieh** » Fri Sep 25, 2015 5:04 am

Hi Mr. ISO 22000,
How’s everything? I hope you are doing pretty well.

Mohsen wrote:

in fact I have received the certificate of ISO22000 from my wife for our kitchen and foods , she always praise , the taste of foods ...

Let me be honest. Upon reading this part of your post, I told myself with a naughty smile on my face: ‘’ Poor Mohsen! He is so naïve and doesn’t know what tricky plans are hidden behind this certificate. In my next post, I’ll unveil some facts about women and their naughty intentions when they praise their husbands. ‘’

Mohsen wrote:
the standard of woman says that how put the melon under the man’s arm,( this is an Iranian proverb , when they deceive someone by unreal (feigned) praising to persuade him to continue the job) and the man pretend that he don’t understand her plan , because he want to make the life more sweeter

Very soon, you made me disarmed with this paragraph. This time, I told myself: ‘’ what a crafty man Mohsen is ! His wife has to award him with an honorary Ph. D in politics. ’’
Next time, make sure if your wife doesn’t realize that you know what you should not know...hehehe… If she knows that you know, she is craftier than you. Winking!

Dear Mohsen, several books can be written over this topic with the title ‘’Tricky techniques wives use to get what they want from their husbands‘’. This book can be a best seller that its audiences will mostly be men rather than women. The majority of women don’t need to read such a book since they had them in their genes when they were born. By the way, I’m not a man to know the other side of the coin. All I know is that both men and women (human beings) are complicated and unpredictable.
Joking aside, there is no doubt that your wife is so kind and generous for awarding you with such a mouthful title and you are also a lucky man for having such a lovely wife. You are a perfect match. Wish the phoenix of happiness and prosperity flies in the sky of your life forever.

Well…I found two caricatures which fit this topic somehow . Hope you’ll like them.

Meanwhile, I’d like to know the idea of yours and others about white lie.
Does it make any difference to tell lie or white lie? Is it legitimate or moral to praise someone by telling white lie? If so, under which circumstances we are allowed to tell such lies?

Regards,
Hurieh
Sep 25/ 2015

Hurieh · Post by **Hurieh** » Fri Sep 25, 2015 5:15 am

Dear Behnam,

How are you doing? I hope you are enjoying every moment of this beautiful season fully. Thank you very much for your friendly post and nice wishes.

You know, the sky of desert is not so generous; and we haven’t had a rainy day here yet. But I learned to be patient. By the way, I really like unexpected rain. I’ll wait to see when the sky surprises me with its drops of blessing.

Last Friday, my friend and I went to the park to do some exercise around 6:30 A.M. The weather was amazingly cool. Through the smell of the soil, we noticed that we had little rain at the night before. But it didn’t satisfy me since the rain was so little and I was asleep.
Anyway, we couldn’t get enough of doing exercise in such pleasing weather. So, we planned to go to a beautiful park in Taft province with our families. We really enjoyed being there the whole day.

And guess what!!! I met a friend of mine there after a long time. We’ve been classmates for 3 years when we were studying in high school. We talked a lot, fumbled around in our black-white memories, and enjoyed being with each other too much. She was in touch with some other friends of ours and decided to plan a meeting in which we all meet each other in a place near our high school; and I promised to join them in stipulated time. It was an amazing experience and both of us couldn’t leave each other easily. What she did to me was reviving my old memories--something like sweeping the dust covered my sweet memories from the past which were kept intact in my long-term memory for several years.

Dear Behnam, I really liked your amazing description about fall and its beauties in your eyes. I could vividly visualize all details which were beautifully depicted in your words—like watching a film on a screen with high resolution; and I wished a calendar full of autumnal days for you at the end. Winking!

behnam wrote:
I wonder why you live in a city with little rain! Why don't you move to Azerbaijan, or somewhere like there to enjoy more rainy days?

My family and I have been living in this city for several years, and it’s not that easy to leave it for some reasons. As a person who likes change, I would like to live in new places or come back to the place to which my soul belongs. My physical body is in this city, but my soul is wandering somewhere else to which I feel my root rooted. I don’t exactly know when I’ll choose to leave here, but till that time, I make myself convinced with this poem of Khajeh Hafez who has beautifully said:

چو قسمت ازلی بی حضور ما کردند / گر اندکی نه به وفق رضاست خرده مگیر

Regards,
Hurieh
Sep 25/ 2015

P.S. I’ll have an important interview on Sunday. Wish me luck please.

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Sat Sep 26, 2015 3:45 am

Hi Wooseok,
I hope you enjoy during the Chuseok, What is the thanks giving day? , Is it a religious day ? In Iran we have not a special day for giving thanks, because the religious people every day thanks God for what is given to them.
In Iran we have national holiday , one day we call it Independent Oil day , and 7 days for new year.
For the proverb “They count their chicken at the end of fall”
It means that a wise person won’t be tempted by immediate result but see the end.
For example: one of student ( a lazy student ) doesn’t study hard during the semester, he also tease the other students with snide remarks, so the other students tell him “the chickens will be counted at the end of fall” it means, at the final exam when he get a bad mark ,he will be very sad ,he understands that you shouldn’t waste your time during the semester ,but at that time regretting has not any benefit for him .
Have a good day.
Mohsen

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Sat Sep 26, 2015 3:52 am

Hi Hurieh,
Thank you for your post , in fact getting a certificate is easier than keeping it, The ISO 22000 describe the order of kitchen and quality of foods , so it is difficult to keep everything in their own place & order, when everyday it is audited by inspector , Thanks God that each Certificate has expiry time and for me it is not worth to extend it

about white lie I will write later , my boss is looking at me with anger
Bye

mortaza · Post by **mortaza** » Sun Sep 27, 2015 5:52 am

Dear Hurieh,

For nonnative English writers, it seems difficult to write scientific papers; it requires lots of practice and experience. In Mathematics, at least, a paper consists, mainly, of four parts: Title, Abstract, Introduction, and Main Results.

Writing the "Main Results" is the easiest task, because main results are technical and completely fit the writer's area of expertise. Introduction is the heart of the paper. If the writer is not very fluent in English, or if he is not experienced enough and does not have enough information around the subject, then he definitely has problems in writing a good introduction.

Having a good introduction makes the reader (and the referee, of course) be interested in continuing reading the paper. If the introduction is not encouraging, the referee may reject the paper in its early pages (or lines).

Introduction may contain some information about the history of the subject. It should explain the necessity of the paper and clarify the goal of the paper. It may explain the methods used in the paper to obtain the results, etc.

Writing a good "abstract" is even harder. The paper may consist of, for example, 20 pages. The abstract, however, is always limited to a few lines. The writer have to squeeze these 20 pages into a few lines of abstract.

Normally, databases do not permit full access to articles. They may just put the abstracts for the readers. So, an abstract should be informative enough so that the readers can decide whether or not the paper is useful for them.

Finally, choosing a good title for the paper is very crucial. The title must be short, interesting and explain the main idea of the paper.

By the way, in future posts, I would like to talk about the current situation of research in Iran. Government force people (professors and Ph.D students) to write papers and publish them in the so-called ISI journals. This is not a good idea.

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

All the best,
Mortaza

mortaza · Post by **mortaza** » Sun Sep 27, 2015 5:57 am

Dear Mohsen,

Congratulation on getting the Certificate! Why don't you arrange a Workshop at your home and invite us to participate in the Workshop to get the skill?!?

Mohsen · Post by **Mohsen** » Sun Sep 27, 2015 6:28 pm

Hi Hurieh,

Thank you for that caricature , I got the meaning of it ,but why the muscle is under magnifier , I didn’t get it ,by control +Z everything goes back to former position , so if the man become young ,his muscle is powerful , it doesn’t need a magnifier !!

for the white lie
I think the act of saying something which is untrue in order to deceive someone and misuse it is a sin and we should avoid it,

but every day we say a lot of white lie
I came back home from office , my wife says , Are you tired , I say no.., has anything happened today ,you look sad ,. I say no .. I eat the food and say it was very delicious.. In a party when they say ,would you like to eat more .. I say no.
All of my answers are white lie

Some white lies are recommended in our Islamic instruction
Have you ever made that kind of sin.. I say no
Do you know about that man who is smoking cigarette.. I say no
Do you have satellite dish … I say no

All the best,
Mohsen